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User:CapeVerdeWave/Tornado outbreak sequence of June 4–10, 1974
Tornado outbreak
Maximum ratingF4 tornado
DurationJune 5–6, 1916
Overall effects
Fatalities≥ 112
Damage$ ($Error when using {{Inflation}}: |value= (parameter 2) and |start_year= (parameter 3) must be specified. in 2025 USD)[note 1]
Areas affectedSouthern United States
Part of the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1916

On June 5–6, 1916, a deadly severe-weather episode produced at least 35 tornadoes across the Southern United States on June 5–6, 1916.[note 2] The outbreak killed at least 112 people, 76 of them in the U.S. state of Arkansas alone. Unconfirmed reports suggested higher totals in rural areas.[2] The outbreak was the deadliest June tornado outbreak in the state and one of the largest outbreaks in Arkansas history, with at least 24 significant tornadoes in-state. The deadliest tornado of the outbreak and the deadliest to strike Arkansas on June 5 was a powerful F4 tornado that hit Heber Springs, killing 25 people. Other deadly tornadoes struck much of the state and in nearby parts of Missouri and Illinois. Overnight on June 5–6, tornadoes spread east and south into Louisiana, Tennessee, and Mississippi, with an F3 tornado hitting the northern suburbs of Jackson, Mississippi, killing 13 people there. It was one of the largest late-spring tornado outbreaks ever recorded in the Southern US.

Confirmed tornadoes

[edit]
Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
? ? 1 20 13 1 0 35

Prior to 1990, there is a likely undercount of tornadoes, particularly E/F0–1, with reports of weaker tornadoes becoming more common as population increased. A sharp increase in the annual average E/F0–1 count by approximately 200 tornadoes was noted upon the implementation of NEXRAD Doppler weather radar in 1990–1991.[3][note 3] 1974 marked the first year where significant tornado (E/F2+) counts became homogenous with contemporary values, attributed to the consistent implementation of Fujita scale assessments.[7][note 4] Numerous discrepancies on the details of tornadoes in this outbreak exist between sources. The total count of tornadoes and ratings differs from various agencies accordingly. The list below documents information from the most contemporary official sources alongside assessments from tornado historian Thomas P. Grazulis.

June 5 event

[edit]
List of confirmed tornadoes – Monday, June 5, 1916
F#[note 4] Location County / Parish State Time (UTC)[note 5] Path length Width[note 6] Damage
F2 NNE of Ozark Franklin AR 19:30–? Un­known 400 yd (370 m) Un­known
1 death – A tornado wrecked three homes, injuring five people.[17]
F2 Southern Hot Springs Garland AR 20:15–? 8 mi (13 km) 200 yd (180 m) Un­known
4 deaths – A tornado tracked parabolically through town, roughly paralleling an F4 tornado that killed 10 people in the city on November 25, 1915. It damaged 200 houses, one of which it left in front of a train. 20 injuries occurred.[18]
F2 E of Greenland Washington AR 20:30–? 4 mi (6.4 km) 100 yd (91 m) Un­known
1 death – A tornado hit a small community, damaging or destroying 12 houses. It also struck three plantations and destroyed several tenant houses. 12 people were injured.[17]
F3 N of Morrilton to Guy Conway, Faulkner AR 20:45–? 30 mi (48 km) 400 yd (370 m) Un­known
2+ deaths – A tornado first tore apart nine homes in the Germantown community. It then destroyed or damaged 20 more structures at Guy. 20 injuries occurred. One person was "blown away" and presumed missing, the New York Times reported.[17][2]
F2 Brewer Cleburne AR 21:00–? Un­known Un­known Un­known
A tornado struck Brewer, impacting all 47 buildings there. Four people were injured.[17]
F4 Near Barney to northwestern Heber Springs to S of Almond Faulkner, Cleburne AR 22:00–? 35 mi (56 km) 400 yd (370 m) Un­known
25+ deaths – This tornado family first killed three people between Barney and Beckette Mountain, west of Rose Bud. It then destroyed 50 houses in Heber Springs, "dozens" of which it leveled, claiming 18 or more lives there, per tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis, and left in ruins the western side of town. Afterward, it flattened another house near Banner, killing four people inside. Papers from Beckette Mountain traveled 55 mi (89 km). 150 injuries occurred, and of those killed, two thirds were children.[19][17][2]
F2 SE of Melbourne to Sage Izard AR 22:00–? 5 mi (8.0 km) Un­known Un­known
A tornado destroyed many barns, injuring a few people.[17]
F3 E of Dalark to N of Carthage Dallas AR 23:00–? 15 mi (24 km) 800 yd (730 m) Un­known
5 deaths – A tornado first flattened a small house, killing five family members inside, before inflicting minor damage at Carthage. Three injuries occurred.[17]
F2 E of Cato Pulaski AR 23:00–? 2 mi (3.2 km) 100 yd (91 m) Un­known
A tornado hit a pair of farms, destroying three homes and injuring five people.[17]
F2 Western Little Rock Pulaski AR 23:00–? 1 mi (1.6 km) 200 yd (180 m) Un­known
This tornado unroofed homes in the Pulaski Heights neighborhood.[17]
F2 S of Cabot Lonoke AR 23:15–? 10 mi (16 km) 200 yd (180 m) Un­known
3+ deaths – A tornado ripped apart a home, killing its two occupants. 22 people were injured, a few of whom may have died weeks later, and a third death was reported.[17][2]
F2 Alvis Independence AR 23:30–? 1 mi (1.6 km) Un­known Un­known
This tornado destroyed many barns and a few homes, injuring a person.[17]
F3 Between Kensett and Judsonia to near Bald Knob White AR 23:30–? 4 mi (6.4 km) 300 yd (270 m) Un­known
25 deaths – An intense tornado destroyed a third of Judsonia, striking the eastern side of town. At least 50 injuries occurred, and a family lost five of its members. Grazulis indicated nine deaths and 35 injuries, but press totals were much higher.[17][2]
F2 Near Sweet Home to Kerr Pulaski, Lonoke AR 23:30–? 15 mi (24 km) Un­known Un­known
1 death – A tornado hit half a dozen farms, destroying houses and other structures. It passed through the Galloway–Baucum area. Five injuries occurred.[17]
F2 Near McMullin and Vanduser Scott MO 23:30–? Un­known Un­known Un­known
Visible from a train, this tornado destroyed small houses, barns, and a nearby school. Three injuries occurred.[17]
F2 Un­known Sharp AR 23:45–? 5 mi (8.0 km) Un­known Un­known
A tornado wrecked barns and houses on six farms, injuring three people.[17]
F2 NW of Stuttgart Arkansas AR 00:00–? Un­known Un­known Un­known
A tornado destroyed barns.[17]
F2 NW of Slovak to S of Hazen to near DeValls Bluff Prairie AR 00:00–? 10 mi (16 km) 300 yd (270 m) Un­known
4 deaths – A tornado hit tenant homes, injuring 42 people, including 15 near Slovak.[20]
F3 N of Tuckerman Jackson AR 00:30–? 10 mi (16 km) 100 yd (91 m) Un­known
4 deaths – An intense tornado obliterated tenant homes, moving bodies up to 1⁄4 mi (0.40 km) away, killing three family members, and injuring 40 people.[20]
F3 NW of Brinkley Monroe AR 00:30–? 2 mi (3.2 km) 100 yd (91 m) Un­known
1 death – A tornado wrecked a cotton gin and eight small homes, carrying the dead 1⁄2 mi (0.80 km), along with his house. 10 injuries occurred.[20]
F3 SE of Vallier Arkansas AR 01:00–? 5 mi (8.0 km) Un­known Un­known
2 deaths – This tornado hit two plantations, causing separate deaths. Eight injuries occurred.[20]
F3 W of Dexter to W of Bloomfield Stoddard MO 01:30–? 7 mi (11 km) Un­known Un­known
7 deaths – A tornado destroyed homes, causing deaths in five families. 20 injuries occurred.[20]
F2 W of Imboden (AR) to near Flatwoods (MO) Lawrence (AR), Randolph (AR), Ripley (MO) AR, MO 01:30–? 45 mi (72 km) Un­known Un­known
1 death – A tornado family hit a farmhouse, claiming a life, and wrecked buildings in Arkansas, before causing sporadic damage in Missouri, where it destroyed barns near Poynor (then Poynter). 10 injuries occurred.[20]
F1 N of Vanndale to Weona Junction Cross, Poinsett AR 02:00–? 20 mi (32 km) 300 yd (270 m) Un­known
2 deaths – A tornado blew a tree onto a boarding house, killing two women and injuring 13 other people inside. Four additional injuries occurred elsewhere.[20]
F3 N of Rector to between St. Francis and Pollard Clay AR 02:00–? 9 mi (14 km) 100 yd (91 m) Un­known
7 deaths – A tornado destroyed small houses, causing deaths in three of them; four children lost their lives. 25 injuries occurred.[20]
F2
F3
F3
F3
F2

June 6 event

[edit]
List of confirmed tornadoes – Tuesday, June 6, 1916
F#[note 4] Location County / Parish State Time (UTC)[note 5] Path length Width[note 6] Damage
F3
F2
F3
F2
F2
Confirmed tornadoes – Monday, June 5, 1916[nb 1][nb 2]
F# Location County / Parish State Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary
F2 NNE of Ozark Franklin AR 19:30–? Un­known 400 yards (370 m) 1 death — Tornado destroyed three houses. Five people were injured.[22]
F2 Hot Springs Garland AR 20:15–? 8 miles (13 km) 200 yards (180 m) 4 deaths — Tornado tracked parabolically through the southern side of Hot Springs, roughly paralleling an F4 tornado that killed 10 people in the city on November 25, 1915. Tornado damaged 200 houses, one of which was left in front of a train. Twenty people were injured.[22][23]
F2 E of Greenland Washington AR 20:30–? 4 miles (6.4 km) 100 yards (91 m) 1 death — Tornado touched down in a small community, damaging or destroying 12 houses. Storm also struck three plantations and destroyed several tenant houses. Twelve people were injured.[22]
F3 N of Morrilton to Guy Conway, Faulkner AR 20:45–? 30 miles (48 km) 400 yards (370 m) 1 death — Tornado destroyed nine houses in the "Germantown" community then skipped through Conway County before damaging or destroying 20 buildings in Guy. Twenty people were injured.[22]
F2 Brewer Cleburne AR 21:00–? Un­known Un­known Tornado damaged or destroyed all of the 47 structures in Brewer. Four people were injured.[22]
F4 Barney to Heber Springs to Banner Faulkner, Cleburne AR 22:00–? 35 miles (56 km) 400 yards (370 m) 25 deaths — Devastating tornado family first killed a person north of Enola then two more people near Beckette Mountain, west of Rose Bud. Tornado then leveled 55 houses in northwestern Heber Springs, with at least 18 deaths within the town limits. Tornado leveled another house near Banner, killing four people inside. More than two-thirds of those killed were children. Papers from Beckette Mountain traveled 55 mi (89 km). A total of 150 people were injured.[22]
F2 SE of Melbourne to Sage Izard AR 22:00–? 5 miles (8.0 km) Un­known Tornado destroyed many barns. Two people were injured.[22]
F3 E of Dalark to N of Carthage Dallas AR 23:00–? 15 miles (24 km) 800 yards (730 m) 5 deaths — Tornado first destroyed a small house near Dalark, killing the five members of a family who lived inside, then continued into the town of Carthage. The tornado also caused minor damage in Carthage. Three people were injured.[22]
F2 E of Cato Pulaski AR 23:00–? 2 miles (3.2 km) 100 yards (91 m) Tornado hit two farms, destroying three houses. Five people were injured.[22]
F2 Western Little Rock Pulaski AR 23:00–? 1 mile (1.6 km) 200 yards (180 m) This tornado unroofed houses in Pulaski Heights, a neighborhood in Little Rock.[22]
F2 S of Cabot Lonoke AR 23:15–? 10 miles (16 km) 200 yards (180 m) 2+ deaths — This tornado killed a man and his daughter as their house was being destroyed. It also injured 22 people, two of whom were badly injured and may have died many weeks later.[22]
F2 Alvis Independence AR 23:30–? 1 mile (1.6 km) 100 yards (91 m) Tornado hit the historic community of Alvis, east-southeast of Mount Pleasant, destroying two houses and numerous barns. One person was injured.[22]
F3 Kensett to Judsonia to Bald Knob White AR 23:30–? 4 miles (6.4 km) 300 yards (270 m) 9 deaths — This strong tornado destroyed roughly one-third of Judsonia. Five children from the same family died, and another person was killed just northeast of Judsonia. An additional 35 people were injured.[22][2] Another deadly tornado struck Judsonia on March 21, 1952, killing 30 people in town and causing F4 damage.
F2 Sweet Home to Kerr Pulaski, Lonoke AR 23:30–? 15 miles (24 km) Un­known 1 death — Tornado destroyed houses and other structures on six farms. Five people were injured.[22]
F2 McMullin–Vanduser Scott MO 23:30–? Un­known Un­known A tornado was sighted from a train as it destroyed small houses, barns, and a nearby school. Three people were injured.[22]
F2 SE of Sharp Sharp AR 23:45–? 5 miles (8.0 km) Un­known Tornado reportedly destroyed houses and barns on six farms. Three people were injured.[22]
F2 NW of Stuttgart Arkansas AR 00:00–? Un­known Un­known Tornado destroyed barns.[22]
F2 NW of Slovak to DeValls Bluff Prairie AR 00:00–? 10 miles (16 km) 300 yards (270 m) 4 deaths — Tornado killed four people in tenant homes, and injured 42 people, ten of whom lived near Slovak .[24]
F3 N of Tuckerman Jackson AR 00:30–? 10 miles (16 km) 100 yards (91 m) 4 deaths — Tornado obliterated tenant homes and moved bodies up to 1⁄4 mi (0.40 km) away. Three members of one family died. 40 other people were injured.[24]
F3 NW of Brinkley Monroe AR 00:30–? 2 miles (3.2 km) 100 yards (91 m) 1 death — One house was destroyed, killing a man who was thrown 1⁄2 mi (0.80 km) from the foundation. Ten people were injured.[24]
F3 SE of Vallier Arkansas AR 01:00–? 5 miles (8.0 km) Un­known 2 deaths — Tornado killed two people, each of them on separate plantations. Eight others were injured.[24]
F2 W of Imboden, AR to Flatwoods, MO Lawrence (AR), Randolph (AR), Ripley (MO) AR, MO 01:30–? 45 miles (72 km) Un­known 1 death — Tornado family killed an Arkansas farmer and destroyed buildings in Shiloh Church, Missouri, south-southeast of Grandin. Intermittent damage continued across Missouri, with barns destroyed near Poynor and Flatwoods. Ten people were injured.[24]
F3 W of Dexter to W of Bloomfield Stoddard MO 01:30–? 7 miles (11 km) Un­known 7 deaths — Tornado leveled houses. The seven fatalities occurred in five different families, and 20 other people were injured.[24]
F1 N of Vanndale to Weona Junction Cross, Poinsett AR 02:00–? 20 miles (32 km) 300 yards (270 m) 2 deaths — Tornado blew a tree into a boarding house, killing two women and injuring 13 others who were inside. Four other injuries occurred elsewhere. Losses totaled $6,000.[24]
F3 N of Rector to Gravel Hill Clay AR 02:00–? 9 miles (14 km) 100 yards (91 m) 7 deaths — Destructive tornado destroyed small houses, killing seven people. The deaths occurred between Pollard and St. Francis. An additional 25 people were injured.[24]
F3 SW of Haynes to SE of Forrest City Lee, St. Francis AR 02:00–? 11 miles (18 km) Un­known 4 deaths — Tornado hit three large farms, destroying 16 tenant houses and killing four people on one of the farms. Another 40 people were injured.[24]
F2 S of Dubberly Webster LA 02:00–? Un­known Un­known Tornado destroyed small houses south of the village. Five people were injured.[24]
F3 SSW of Morehouse to Big Ridge Stoddard, New Madrid, Scott MO 03:30–? 8 miles (13 km) Un­known 7 deaths — Tornado obliterated three houses, killing six people in one of them. Fifteen barns and seven other houses were destroyed as well. Seventeen people were injured. The tornado may have continued to Kelso.[24]
F2 N of Marion, AR to SW of Munford, TN Critttenden (AR), Tipton (TN) AR, TN 04:00–? 25 miles (40 km) 300 yards (270 m) 2+ deaths — This tornado destroyed at least 20 houses in Missouri then hit a house and barn in Tennessee. There was one death in each state. The tornado may have crossed the Mississippi River north of Memphis, where the packet boat Eleonore capsized in stormy conditions. At least 19 - perhaps as many as 34 - people drowned when the boat capsized, but there is no clear evidence that a tornado caused the boat to sink. An "electric tornado" reportedly snapped the tree to which the boat was anchored, which measured 20 inches (1.7 ft) in diameter, and other nearby trees were also snapped along the shore. A total of 63 people sustained injuries.[24]
F3 W of Miner, MO to Blodgett, MO to Fayville, IL Scott (MO), Alexander (IL) MO, IL 04:00–? 30 miles (48 km) 200 yards (180 m) 5 deaths — This tornado injured five people from Blodgett as it destroyed much of the village. As many as 60 injuries occurred, mostly in rural areas. In Fayville, a 10-year-old girl died, 20 more people were injured, and 11 houses were destroyed.[24]

June 6 event

[edit]
Confirmed tornadoes – Tuesday, June 6, 1916[nb 1][nb 2]
F# Location County / Parish State Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary
F3 S of Yokena Warren MS 05:30–? 10 miles (16 km) 250 yards (230 m) 4 deaths — Tenant houses were leveled, and bodies of its residents were found as far as 1⁄2 mi (0.80 km). A total of 25 people sustained injuries.[24]
F2 Oak Grove West Carroll LA 05:45–? Un­known 50 yards (46 m) A late-night tornado destroyed two houses, the Masonic Hall, and the Methodist church in Oak Grove. Five people were injured.[24]
F3 Northern Jackson Hinds, Madison MS 07:10–? 15 miles (24 km) 100 yards (91 m) 13 deaths — This tornado crossed the northern side of Jackson and dissipated northeast of the city. It damaged or destroyed 250 houses and completely leveled other smaller ones. Larger well-constructed buildings lost roofs and chimneys. Fifty-six people were injured.[24]
F2 Pineville Smith MS 09:30–? 2 miles (3.2 km) 50 yards (46 m) Small, brief tornado destroyed rural houses and barns. Three people were injured.[24]
F2 Taylors Ferry Jefferson AL 17:00–? 7.5 miles (12.1 km) 200 yards (180 m) This tornado destroyed four houses, and five people were injured.[24]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ All losses are in 1957 USD unless otherwise noted.
  2. ^ An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[1]
  3. ^ Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information.[4] Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life.[5] Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced NEXRAD was first installed and the National Weather Service began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.[6]
  4. ^ a b c The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.[8][9] Tornado ratings were retroactively applied to events prior to the formal adoption of the F-scale by the National Weather Service.[10] While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007,[11] Canada used the old scale until April 1, 2013;[12] nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.[13]
  5. ^ a b All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time and dates are split at midnight CST/CDT for consistency.
  6. ^ a b The listed width values are primarily the average/mean width of the tornadoes, with those having known maximum widths denoted by ♯. From 1952 to 1994, reports largely list mean width whereas contemporary years list maximum width.[14] Values provided by Grazulis are the average width, with estimates being rounded down (i.e. 0.5 mi (0.80 km) is rounded down from 880 yards to 800 yards.[15][16]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003) (PDF). 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Written at Kansas City, Missouri. "Over 100 lives lost in Southern storm". New York Times. Vol. 65, no. 21319. New York City (published June 7, 1916). June 6, 1916. p. 11. ProQuest 97927958 – via ProQuest.
  3. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1496.
  4. ^ Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–4.
  5. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)". Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  6. ^ Cook & Schaefer 2008, p. 3135.
  7. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, pp. 1497, 1503.
  8. ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 141.
  9. ^ Grazulis 2001a, p. 131.
  10. ^ Edwards et al. 2013, p. 641–642.
  11. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  12. ^ "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  13. ^ "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  14. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1494.
  15. ^ Brooks 2004, p. 310. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBrooks2004 (help)
  16. ^ Grazulis 1990, p. ix.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Grazulis 1993, p. 747.
  18. ^ Grazulis 1993, pp. 745, 747.
  19. ^ Grazulis 1984, p. A-28.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h Grazulis 1993, p. 748.
  21. ^ Brooks, Harold E. (April 2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity". Weather and Forecasting. 19 (2). Boston: American Meteorological Society: 310. Bibcode:2004WtFor..19..310B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Grazulis 1993, p. 747
  23. ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 745
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Grazulis 1993, p. 748

Sources

[edit]

DEFAULTSORT:1916-06-05 tornado outbreak Category:F4, EF4 and IF4 tornadoes Category:20th-century tornadoes Category:1916 meteorology Category:1916 natural disasters in the United States Category:Tornadoes in Arkansas Category:Tornadoes in Missouri Category:Tornadoes in Mississippi Category:Tornadoes in Alabama Category:1916 in Arkansas Category:June 1916 in the United States
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